Exploring mainly Heterodox Economics, Monetary Reform, Environmental Sustainability, and relevant Emerging Technologies. It is a resource of Internet articles, and also promotes awareness of a futuristic modern universal Paradigm known as TFE, or Transfinancial Economics which is arguably the most advanced, and most "scientific" form of Economics of its kind. Modern Monetary Theory( MMT) which is similar to TFE is far less advanced .
EU Directive 92/75/EC[1] established an energy consumption labelling scheme. The directive was implemented by several other directives[2] thus most white goods, light bulb packaging and cars must have an EU Energy Label clearly displayed when offered for sale or rent. The energy efficiency of the appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency classes from A to G on the label, A being the most energy efficient, G the least efficient. The labels also give other useful information to the customer as they choose between various models. The information should also be given in catalogues and included by internet retailers on their websites.
In an attempt to keep up with advances in energy efficiency, A+, A++ and A+++ grades were later introduced for various products; since 2010, a new type of label exists that makes use of pictograms rather than words, to allow manufacturers to use a single label for products sold in different countries.
Directive 92/75/EC was replaced by Directive 2010/30/EU[3] which must be applied from 31 July 2011.
For refrigerating appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, wine-storage appliances, and combined appliances, the labelling is specified in terms of an energy efficiency index EEI, which is an indication of the annual power consumption relative to a reference consumption that is based on the storage volume and the type of appliance (refrigerator or freezer).[4] The boundary between the A+ and A classes is 44 up to 1 July 2014, and 42 after that date.
Refrigerating appliances, as EEI
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<22
<30
<42/44
<55
<75
<95
<110
<125
<150
>150
The label also contains:
the annual energy consumption in kW·h
the capacity of fresh foods in litres for refrigerators and combined appliances
the capacity of frozen foods in litres for freezers and combined appliances
For cold appliances (and this product alone), for models that are more economical than those of category A, categories A+, A++ and A+++ have been assigned.
Up to 2010, the energy efficiency scale for washing machines is calculated based on a cotton cycle at 60 °C (140 °F) with a maximum declared load. This load is typically 6 kg. The energy efficiency index is in kW·h per kilogramme of washing, assuming a cold-water supply at 15 °C.
Washing machines (pre-2010), in kWh/kg
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<0.19
<0.23
<0.27
<0.31
<0.35
<0.39
>0.39
The energy label also contains information on:
total consumption per cycle
washing performance – with a class from A to G
spin drying performance – with a class from A to G
maximum spin speed
the total cotton capacity in kg
water consumption per cycle in litres
noise in the washing and spinning cycles dB(A)
The washing performance is measured not according to European harmonised standard EN 60456 and is based on a 60 °C cycle on fabric samples with stains of oil, blood, chocolate, milk, and red wine, using a standardised detergent and compared against a reference washing machine.[5] The amount of stain removal is then translated into a washing performance index.
Washing performance index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
>1.03
>1.00
>0.97
>0.94
>0.91
>0.88
<0.88
The spin-drying efficiency class is based on the remaining moisture content (RMC), which is the mass of water divided by the dry mass of cotton fabrics. It is based on a weighted average of full-load and partial-load cycles.
Spin-drying efficiency class (as remaining moisture content)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<45
<54
<63
<72
<81
<90
>90
A new energy label, introduced in 2010, is based on the energy efficiency index (EEI), and has energy classes in the range A+++ to D.[6] The EEI is a measure of the annual electricity consumption, and includes energy consumed during power-off and standby modes, and the energy consumed in 220 washing cycles. For the washing cycles, a weighted mix consisting of 42% full-load cycles at 60 °C, 29% partial-load cycles at 60 °C, and 29% partial-load cycles at 40 °C. The washing performance is not mentioned any more, since all washing machines must reach class A anyway. For a 6-kg machine, an EEI of 100 is equivalent to 334 kWh per year, or 1.52 kWh per cycle.
Washing machines 2010 rating: energy efficiency index (EEI)
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
<46
46-52
52-59
59-68
68-77
77-87
>87
For tumble dryers the energy efficiency scale is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with a maximum declared load. The energy efficiency index is in kW·h per kilogramme of load. Different scales apply for condenser and vented dryers.
Condenser dryers, in kWh/kg
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<0.55
<0.64
<0.73
<0.82
<0.91
<1.00
>1.00
Vented dryers, in kWh/kg
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<0.51
<0.59
<0.67
<0.75
<0.83
<0.91
>0.91
The label also contains:
the energy consumption per cycle
the total cotton capacity
whether the unit is vented or condensing
noise in dB(A)
For combined washer dryers the energy efficiency scale is calculated using the cotton drying cycle with a maximum declared load. The energy efficiency index is in kW·h per kilogramme of load. Different scales apply for condenser and vented dryers.
Combined washer dryers, in kWh/kg
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<0.68
<0.81
<0.93
<1.05
<1.17
<1.29
>1.29
The label also contains:
the energy consumption per cycle (washing and drying)
the energy consumption per cycle – washing only
washing performance – with a class from A to G
the maximum spin speed
the total cotton capacity (washing and drying separately)
water consumption for a full load washed and dried – note that condenser dryers may use significant amounts of water on the drying cycle
noise in dB (A) (separately for washing, spinning and drying)
The energy efficiency of a dishwasher is calculated according to the number of place settings. For the most common size of appliance, the 12 place setting machine the following classes apply up to 2010.
Dishwashers (12 place settings, in kWh; pre-2010)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<1.06
<1.25
<1.45
<1.65
<1.85
<2.05
>2.05
After 2010, a new system is used, based on an energy efficiency index (EEI), which is based on the annual power usage, based on stand-by power consumption and 280 cleaning cycles, relative to the standard power usage for that type of dishwasher. For a 12-place-setting dishwasher, an EEI of 100 corresponds to 462 kWh per year.
Dishwashers (as EEI; after 2010)
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
<50
<56
<63
<71
<80
<90
>90
The label also contains:
the energy consumption in kW·h /cycle
the efficiency of the washing cycle with a class from A to G
the efficiency of the drying cycle with a class from A to G
According to the light bulb's electrical consumption relative to a standard (GLS or incandescent), the lightbulb is in one of the following classes:[7]
Light bulbs; relative energy consumption
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<18–25%
<60%
<80%
<95%
<110%
<130%
>130%
Class A is defined in a different way; hence, the variable percentage. These lamp classes correspond roughly to the following lamp types[8]
Since September 2009, household light bulbs must be class A, with the exception of clear (transparent) lamps. For the latter category, lamps must be class C or better, with a transition period up to September 2012, and class B after September 2016.[8]
Incandescent and fluorescent lamps with and without integrated ballast can be divided into energy efficiency classes. The division of household lamps made in the EU Directive 98/11/EC[7] of 27. January 1998 and also includes lamps that are not marketed for use in the home. Excluded are inter alia Light sources with more than 6,500 lumens (300 watt halogen or 70 watt fluorescent lamps) and those that are not operated on line voltage. To determine the energy efficiency class, proceed as follows (Φ means the flux in the light Lumen (lm) and P is the power consumption of the lamp in watts (W)):
Lamps are classified into class A if:
Fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, are classified into class A if:
The classification in the energy efficiency class B-G is based on the percentage (Energy Efficiency Index) at the reference power
about the power consumption of a standard light bulb with the same luminous flux.
The allocation of energy efficiency index for energy efficiency class indicated in the foregoing section.
In 2010, an energy label for televisions was introduced.[9]
1. The energy class is based on the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI), which is the power consumption relative to a reference power consumption. The reference power consumption of a normal television with screen area A is
NB the above calculation is based upon = 20 Watts for television sets with one tuner/receiver and no hard disc.
Since the switch to digital terrestrial transmissions all new televisions sold in Europe have both analog and digital tuners so it means that the reference is increase to 24 Watts as set out in the directive the formula is as follows
for television sets with two or more tuners/receivers.
Adding of a hard drive(s), then the formula is as follows
for television sets with hard disc(s) and two or more tuners/receivers.
For example, a television with a diagonal of 82 cm (32 in) has a screen area A = 28.7 dm2 and a reference power consumption of 144 W. The energy classes are as in the table below.
Televisions, as EEI(%)
A+++
A++
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
<10
<16
<23
<30
<42
<60
<80
<90
<100
>100
2. The annual on-mode energy consumption E in kWh is calculated as E = 1,46 × P.
3. Televisions with automatic brightness control
For the purposes of calculating the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) and the annual on-mode energy consumption referred to in points 1 and 2, the on-mode power consumption as established according to the procedure set out in Annex VII is reduced by 5 % if the following conditions are fulfilled when the television is placed on the market: (a) the luminance of the television in the home-mode or the on-mode condition as set by the supplier, is automatically reduced between an ambient light intensity of at least 20 lux and 0 lux; (b) the automatic brightness control is activated in the home-mode condition or the on-mode condition of the television as set by the supplier.
European tyre labels came into force in November 2012. The tyre labelling will show three tyre performance attributes; rolling resistance, wet grip and external rolling noise.[10] The tyre label apply to
= 20 Watts for television sets with one tuner/receiver and no hard disc.
![P_{\mathrm{ref}} = 20\, \mathrm{[W]} + 4.3224\, \mathrm{[W/dm^2]}\cdot A.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/f/2/6f21d95c293a51b6f98a12301fc77356.png)
![P_{\mathrm{basic}} = 24\, \mathrm{[W]} + 4.3224\, \mathrm{[W/dm^2]}\cdot A.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/7/4/17494b0702af6c60b2f915d5fdcd97d2.png)
for television sets with two or more tuners/receivers.![P_{\mathrm{basic}} = 28\, \mathrm{[W]} + 4.3224\, \mathrm{[W/dm^2]}\cdot A.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/4/9/34939c6f8624a35e320631d009263db6.png)
for television sets with hard disc(s) and two or more tuners/receivers.
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